The two-step character of the last deglaciation is well recognized in Western Europe, in Greenland and in the North Atlantic. For example, in Greenland, a gradual temperature decrease started at the Bölling (B) around 14.5 ky BP, spanned through the Alleröd (A) and was followed by the cold Younger Dryas (YD) event which terminated abruptly around 11.5 ky BP. Recent results suggest that this BA/YD sequence may have extended throughout all the Northern Hemisphere but the evidence of a late transition cooling is still poor for the Southern Hemisphere. Here we present a detailed isotopic record analyzed in a new ice core drilled at Dome B in East Antarctica that fully demonstrates the existence of an Antarctic cold reversal (ACR). These results suggest that the two-step shape of the last deglaciation has a worldwide character but they also point to noticeable interhemispheric differences. Thus, the coldest part of the ACR, which shows a temperature drop about three times weaker than that recorded during the YD in Greenland, may have preceded the YD. Antarctica did not experienced abrupt changes and the two warming periods started there before they started in Greenland. The links between Southern and Northern Hemisphere climates throughout this period are discussed in the light of additional information derived from the Antarctic dust record. 相似文献
Heat flux estimates obtained using the inertial dissipation method, and the profile method applied to radiosonde soundings, are assessed with emphasis on the parameterization of the roughness lengths for temperature and specific humidity. Results from the inertial dissipation method show a decrease of the temperature and humidity roughness lengths for increasing neutral wind speed, in agreement with previous studies. The sensible heat flux estimates were obtained using the temperature estimated from the speed of sound determined by a sonic anemometer. This method seems very attractive for estimating heat fluxes over the ocean. However allowance must be made in the inertial dissipation method for non-neutral stratification. The SOFIA/ASTEX and SEMAPHORE results show that, in unstable stratification, a term due to the transport terms in the turbulent kinetic energy budget, has to be included in order to determine the friction velocity with better accuracy. Using the profile method with radiosonde data, the roughness length values showed large scatter. A reliable estimate of the temperature roughness length could not be obtained. The humidity roughness length values were compatible with those found using the inertial dissipation method. 相似文献
Highly vesicular, microporphyritic basaltic rocks have been dredged from the slow-spreading Spiess Ridge segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge. All the samples recovered are hyalocrystalline with plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine as phenocryst and microphenocryst phases. Titanomagnetite occurs as euhedral microphenocrysts in some of the more evolved samples. In terms of bulk rock and quench glass chemistry the lavas are characterised by highly evolved compositions(e.g. FeO*=10.3−14.2%;TiO2=2.0−3.4%;K2O=0.50−1.1%;MgO=6.0−3.5%;Zr=160−274ppm;Nb=14−32ppm) and can be classified as ferrobasalts. Isotopic and incompatible element ratios of the lavas(e.g.87Sr/86Sr=0.70325−0.70333;Zr/Nb=8.4−11.3;Y/Nb=2.3−1.4) indicate their strongly “enriched” nature (see also Dickey et al. [6]).
Quantitative major and trace element modelling indicates that most of the compositional variations observed can be attributed to low-pressure fractional crystallisation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and minor olivine and titanomagnetite. The range in composition can be accounted for by up to 65% fractional crystallisation.
We suggest that the extreme differentiation of the Spiess Ridge lavas is related not to spreading rate, but to rate of magma supply. The basaltic melts appear to have evolved in a newly established zone of magmatic activity, associated with the most recent northward jump of the Bouvet triple junction, where they were effectively isolated from significant admixture of primitive magmas. 相似文献
Since Nb and Zr are only little fractionated during magmatic processes, the 92Nb-92Zr relative chronometer has the potential of dating the formation of the planetary bodies through their differentiation. Thus, we have analyzed the isotopic composition of zirconium in lunar, meteoritic and old and recent terrestrial samples.No isotopic variation has been found. However, the ratio of 3.8 Ga. old zircons from the Isua acid conglomerate is on the lower limit of the range of the standard measurements. If considered an anomaly, it would correspond to a +1.5 × 10?492Zr relative deficiency or to a 3.0 × 10?494Zr relative excess.Our data constrain the isotopic ratio at the time of formation of the solar system to be less than 0.007, so that the maximum sensitivity of the 92Nb-92Zr relative chronometer for the formation of planetary bodies is around 107 a. A discussion of some possible nuclear reactions indicates that zirconium isotopic variations in zircons are not easily produced, and that the 92Nb and 94Nb natural activities (Apt et al., 1974) cannot be explained by any single one of the processes proposed so far. 相似文献
While the chemical structure of the earth's mantle is probably rather complex, multi-box models have been used as a first approximation to evaluate this structure. Most commonly, a three-box model is used, involving the continental crust, the upper mantle and the lower mantle. The depleted upper mantle and the continental crust are assumed to represe1nt complementary reservoirs, related by crust formation processes occurring during geologic history.Here we investigate the Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd isotopic systematics of several three-box models, using mass balance equations and the definition of the mean age of the reservoirs. The geochemical uniqueness of the models, chosen from a large family of possible models, is evaluated from elementary graph theory, and these models are then solved using a total inversion approach. This paper (Part I) describes the methodology of the procedure; the companion paper (Part II) discusses the application of this approach to multi-box mantle models. 相似文献
Petrographic and geochemical features of a suite of eclogite xenoliths from the Rietfontein kimberlite that erupted through
probable Proterozoic crust west of the Kaapvaal Craton in the far Northern Cape region of South Africa, are described. Group
II eclogites dominate the suite both texturally and chemically, but can be subdivided into bimineralic, opx-bearing and kyanite-bearing
groups. Temperature estimates from different geothermometers range from 700 to 1,000°C, indicating derivation from relatively
shallow mantle depths. Orthopyroxene-bearing eclogites are inferred to originate from depths of 85 to 115 km and lie close
to the average cratonic thermal profile for southern Africa. These uppermost mantle temperatures during the late Cretaceous
provide evidence for equilibration of the off-craton lithosphere to craton-like thermal conditions following Namaqua-Natal
orogenesis. The kyanite eclogites are distinct from the remaining eclogites in terms of both major and trace element compositions
and their lesser degree of alteration. Garnets are richer in Ca, and are Cr-depleted relative to garnets from the bimineralic
and opx-bearing eclogites, which tend to be more magnesian. Clinopyroxenes from the kyanite eclogites are more sodic, with
higher Al2O3 and lower MgO contents than the bimineralic and opx-bearing eclogites. LREE-depletion, positive Sr and Eu anomalies, and
the Al-rich, Si-poor bulk composition suggest a plagioclase-rich, probably troctolitic protolith for the kyanite eclogites.
In contrast, the major and trace element bulk compositions of the high-MgO bimineralic and orthopyroxene-bearing eclogites
are consistent with gabbroic or pyroxenitic precursors, or high-pressure cumulates, rather than mafic to ultramafic lavas.
δ18O values for garnets do not deviate significantly from typical mantle values. The observations reported do not discriminate
unambiguously between continental and oceanic origins for the various eclogite components in the mantle lithosphere of this
region. 相似文献
This study focuses on the response of lacustrine littoral chironomid communities to late glacial changes in limnological,
environmental and climate conditions in the Mediterranean context. Late glacial chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages,
organic petrography and geochemistry were analysed in a sediment core from the littoral zone of Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany,
Italy), where the lake-level fluctuations and the vegetation history have been previously reconstructed. Comparison of the
chironomid stratigraphy to other proxies (pollen assemblages, organic petrography and geochemistry, lake-level) and regional
climate reconstruction suggested the predominant influence of lake-level changes on the littoral chironomid fauna. The main
lowering events that occurred during the Oldest and the Younger Dryas were followed by higher proportions of taxa typical
of littoral habitats. A complementary study of organic matter suggested the indirect impact of lake-level on the chironomids
through changes in humic status and habitat characteristics, such as the type of substrate and aquatic macrophyte development.
Several chironomid taxa, such as Glyptotendipes, Microtendipes and Cricotopus type patens, were identified as possible indicators of low lake-level in the late glacial records. Nevertheless, this study suggested
that parallel analyses of organic matter and chironomid assemblages may be needed to circumvent misinterpretation of littoral
chironomid assemblage stratigraphy. There was a weak response of the chironomid assemblages to small lake-level lowerings
that corresponded to the Older Dryas and Preboreal oscillations. A higher level of determination, e.g. to the species group
level, may be necessary to increase the sensibility of the indicators to lake-level changes. 相似文献
In many countries, the setup of protection areas around every drinking water well was instituted at a national level in order
to preserve the quality of water as well as the perennially of the resource. Wellhead protection surfaces have been defined
using capture zones showing the area influenced by a well within a certain time. A stochastic method is developed for delineating
time-related capture zones in fractured aquifers characterised by a low porosity and a high degree of fracturing. The flow
velocity within the fractures is determined statistically depending on the distribution of the fracture features and the mass
transfer solution is obtained through a particle tracking algorithm. Probabilistic capture zone curves are obtained as a function
of the travel time of particles to the well and the percentage of particles apt to be extracted up to this time. A sensitivity
study of fracture network parameters leads to the conclusion that orientations and aperture distribution of the fracture sets
are of primary importance to the wellhead protection delineation. 相似文献